Out of hospital cardiac arrest during COVID-19 pandemic: A retrospective study from north east of Italy

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak affected the epidemiology and the outcomes of Out- Of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA). We performed a retrospective observational study in the Western district of Vicenza (Veneto, Italy) to evaluate patients affected by non-traumatic OHCA and we analyzed epidemiological and clinical characteristics associated with sustained Return Of Spontaneous Circulation (ROSC). We collected 114 cases from January 2019 to May 2021 and we compared data of the pre-pandemic period (2019) with the pandemic one (2020-2021). During the pandemic we found an increase of bystander CPR, of OHCA with a cardiac cause and of shockable presenting rhythms. All these observations weren't associated with an increase of sustained ROSC, which could be determined by both the reorganization of the health care system with the reduction of medical screenings and by the interruption of training courses reducing the efficacy of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. On the other hand, the higher percentage of presenting shockable rhythm reinforces the importance of bystander rule and of short time to start CPR.

Adolescent Cyberstanders' Experience of Cyberbullying in the Era of Covid-19 in South Africa

Indications are that cyberstanders can be negatively affected by witnessing cyberbullying incidents and are even more likely than direct victims of cyberbullying to report symptoms of stress. However, cyberbystanders are understudied in the cyberbullying literature because most research predominantly focuses on perpetrators or direct victims of cyberbullying. This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of adolescent cyberbystanders who witnessed cyberbullying in the COVID-19 era. Twenty adolescent cyberbystanders were purposely selected to participate in this study. The qualitative data was analysed using inductive thematic analysis. The findings demonstrated that cyberbullying has various detrimental effects that include educational, psychological, and emotional consequences for those exposed to it. It is recommended that anti-cyberbullying programmes should be incorporated into the curriculum so that teachers and educational psychologists can emphasise the negative impact of cyberbullying on bullies, victims and bystanders. With more awareness of the detrimental consequences of cyberbullying on all parties involved, adolescents may become more competent in respecting people's rights and privacy within cyberspace.

Attitude and behavior toward bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation during COVID-19 outbreak

Background: Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, have negative impacts on bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (BCPR) for fear of transmission while breaking social distancing rules. The latest guidelines recommend hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and facemask use. However, public willingness in this setup remains unknown. Methods: A cross-sectional, unrestricted volunteer Internet survey was conducted to assess individuals' attitudes and behaviors toward performing BCPR, pre-existing CPR training, occupational identity, age group, and gender. The raking method for weights and a regression analysis for the predictors of willingness were performed. Results: Among 1,347 eligible respondents, 822 (61%) had negative attitudes toward performing BCPR. Healthcare providers (HCPs) and those with pre-existing CPR training had fewer negative attitudes (p < 0.001);HCPs and those with pre-existing CPR training and unchanged attitude showed more positive behaviors toward BCPR (p < 0.001). Further, 9.7% of the respondents would absolutely refuse to perform BCPR. In contrast, 16.9% would perform BCPR directly despite the outbreak. Approximately 9.9% would perform it if they were instructed, 23.5%, if they wore facemasks, and 40.1%, if they were to perform hands-only CPR. Interestingly, among the 822 respondents with negative attitudes, over 85% still tended to perform BCPR in the abovementioned situations. The weighted analysis showed similar results. The adjusted predictors for lower negative attitudes toward BCPR were younger age, being a man, and being an HCP;those for more positive behaviors were younger age and being an HCP. Conclusions: Outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, have negative impacts on attitudes and behaviors toward BCPR. Younger individuals, men, HCPs, and those with pre-existing CPR training tended to show fewer negative attitudes and behaviors. Meanwhile, most individuals with negative attitudes still expressed positive behaviors under safer measures such as facemask protection, hands-only CPR, and available dispatch instructions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved)

ICE RUSES: FROM DECEPTION TO DEPORTATION

In 2005, the Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agency enacted a policy sanctioning its civil ICE agents to use strategic deception, known as "ruses," to facilitate community immigration enforcement operations. This policy provided agents a means to overcome the limitation that civil immigration arrest warrants are administrative as opposed to judicial in nature, which effectively precluded agents from entering a target's home without first obtaining consent. Since, civil ICE agents have deployed various ruses to lure targets outside of their homes or, more controversially, elicit consent to gain entry into their homes. Once inside, agents often conduct sweeping searches and execute "collateral arrests" of nontarget bystanders who are also suspected to be undocumented. The Fourth Amendment has always tolerated some degree of law enforcement deception. But the existing body of law that delineates the constitutional limits of government deceit contemplates the use of ruses in only the criminal context, which assumes that criminal law enforcement officers are employing subterfuge only against purported criminals. Legal analysis of the use of deception in the civil immigration context is almost entirely lacking, largely because ICE ruse practices have escaped judicial scrutiny. This Note seeks to close this gap by examining both the legal and policy questions raised when a civil government agency uses deception against those who have committed a civil immigration infraction. It then proposes two limitations on the current policy that would address the constitutional concerns and better align it with the policy justification underlying the use of government deception.

Promoting an Emergency Action Plan for Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Youth Sports During a Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION: Pandemic-related restrictions increased the risk of delayed emergency response of bystanders to sudden cardiac arrest among youth athletes. Education and SCA emergency preparedness, implemented by nurse leaders and adapted to environmental changes, can greatly reduce the risks associated with an SCA episode. METHOD: A nurse-led, quality improvement pilot project was implemented in a recreational youth soccer league. The project included the implementation of an emergency action plan (EAP; with or without the pandemic and social-distancing restrictions) for bystanders responding to SCA. RESULTS: Participants showed significant improvement in knowledge and perceptions of SCA and emergency response (p < .001). Willingness to initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) improved (p = .127), and fear to engage in EAP decreased (p = .119) following an educational intervention on SCA. DISCUSSION: Nurse-led SCA education and implementation of youth league EAP successfully demonstrated safety in SCA preparedness and best practice recommendations for youth sports from the Interassociation Task Force.

Exploring the Differential Effects of Religious and Spiritual Cues in Online Advertising: A Study of US Christians and the Nonreligious during COVID-19

During times of distress, people tend to seek religious or spiritual guidance as a coping mechanism. COVID-19 brought much uncertainty into the lives of people across the world, providing a unique window into the various constructs and individual preferences related to religion and spirituality. While previous findings focus on the importance of religious cues and religiosity in advertising, scholars have not paid much attention to spirituality. A growing number of Americans do not identify with any religion, and studies about the nonreligious, especially atheists and agnostics, are relatively scant. Therefore, the aim of the current study, grounded in congruity theory and cue utilization theory, was to align ad orientation (religious versus spiritual) with individual life orientation (religious versus nonreligious) to explore the impact of these relationships on advertising effectiveness. Findings show that Christians had strong and favorable attitudes toward both the religious and spiritual ads but stronger intention to learn more about the brand only after exposure to the religious ad. In contrast, nonreligious participants had significantly more favorable attitudes and higher intention after exposure to the spiritual ad (versus religious ad). These findings contribute to an initial theoretical understanding of these two groups, with important implications for advertisers.

How Presenteeism Shaped Teacher Burnout in Cyberbullying Among Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV2 has had an impact on the education sector, and its stakeholders, such as teachers who had to do remote work from their home, despite many constraints. These professionals tried to perform their teaching functions, despite having to deal with adverse situations, such as cyberbullying among their students, as well as their difficulties related to presenteeism and burnout. In this context, this study aimed to understand whether observing cyberbullying among students can be associated with teachers' productivity loss due to presenteeism and burnout. This study also proposed to examine the role of productivity loss due to presenteeism in the relationship between observing cyberbullying situations among students and teacher burnout. A random sample of 1,044 (Mage=51.05, SD=7.35; 76.6% female) middle school and high school teachers answered an inventory about their experience working at home during the COVID-19 pandemic, specifically with regards to cyberbullying incidents they observed among their students, their productivity loss due to presenteeism, and their burnout levels. Results from structural equation modeling revealed that observing students engaging in cyberbullying situations was positively associated with productivity loss due to presenteeism and teacher burnout. Also, teacher's productivity loss due to presenteeism mediated the relationship between observing cyberbullying incidents among their students and their burnout levels. Specifically, the effect of productivity loss due to presenteeism explained the effect of observing cyberbullying incidents on teachers' burnout levels. These results are innovative and shed light on the importance of teacher wellbeing at their job in the midst of a pandemic, namely, when they observe their students engaging in hostile situations, which may lead them to greater levels of burnout.

'I Think it Just Made Everything Very Much More Intense': A Qualitative Secondary Analysis Exploring The Role Of Friends and Family Providing Support to Survivors of Domestic Abuse During The COVID-19 Pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic, and associated social restrictions, have amplified women's experiences of domestic abuse (DA). In usual times, female DA survivors reach out to those around them (friends, family members, neighbors, and colleagues) for support. Accessing of both professional and informal support by survivors has increased during the pandemic. Informal supporters are often deeply invested and immersed in situations of DA because of the closeness of relationships. The accounts of informal supporters are rarely sought, yet these are people who may have a considerable awareness of what is happening. The aim of this study was to explore how the pandemic had impacted people's assessment of abusive situations and their ability to provide informal support. This paper reports a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected in 2020 in England. The data were gathered in 18 in-depth interviews with people who knew a female friend, relative, neighbor, or colleague who had experienced DA. The age range of participants was 25-69 years, three were men and fifteen were women. A reflexive thematic analysis was carried out. Findings indicated: (i) the pandemic had changed people's ability to read situations and assess risk (ii) perpetrators were exploiting the pandemic to further abuse (iii) within the context of the pandemic there was additional challenge to offering support (iv) informal supporters found creative ways to remain in-touch and to continue offering support. Further research with informal supporters is needed to ascertain how best to support and equip people, without imposing an impossible burden.